Neuroprosthetics

Neuroprosthetics applies brain-computer interface technology to restore lost function — motor control, speech, and cognitive capabilities — for patients with neurological conditions. The field is transitioning from proof-of-concept demonstrations to sustained clinical use, driven by improvements in both the hardware (electrodes, implants) and software (decoding algorithms, adaptive interfaces) layers.

Motor function restoration is the most mature application. BCI-driven robotic arms, cursor control, and functional electrical stimulation of paralyzed limbs have been demonstrated across multiple research groups. Neuralink's PRIME study represents the most visible implementation, with approximately 20 patients using thought-controlled computing for daily activities including typing, gaming, and communication.

Speech restoration is the highest-impact frontier. For patients with locked-in syndrome or severe ALS, BCI-decoded speech could restore the ability to communicate. Research groups have demonstrated real-time speech decoding from neural signals, though accuracy and vocabulary size remain limited compared to natural speech.

Neurorehabilitation uses BCI not as a permanent prosthetic but as a rehabilitation tool — providing neurofeedback during physical therapy to promote neuroplasticity and motor recovery after stroke or traumatic brain injury. The BCI measures whether the patient is generating appropriate motor intention signals, even if those signals can't yet produce movement, and provides real-time feedback to reinforce correct neural patterns.

Cognitive applications remain earlier-stage: BCI-assisted attention training, memory augmentation, and treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions (depression, PTSD, addiction) through targeted neuromodulation.

Key Claims

• Motor BCI reaching sustained clinical use — Neuralink PRIME patients using thought-controlled computing for daily activities. Evidence: strong (Neuralink PRIME)
• Speech BCI is the highest-impact frontier — Real-time speech decoding demonstrated but accuracy and vocabulary remain limited. Evidence: moderate (BCI Neuroprosthetics)
• BCI for neurorehabilitation promotes neuroplasticity — Neurofeedback during therapy reinforces correct neural patterns for motor recovery. Evidence: moderate (BCI Neuroprosthetics)
• Cognitive BCI applications remain early-stage — Attention, memory, and neuropsychiatric treatment through targeted neuromodulation. Evidence: preliminary (BCI Neuroprosthetics)

Open Questions

• Can speech BCI achieve natural-speed, open-vocabulary communication?
• What is the minimum electrode count needed for effective motor prosthetics?
• How do neuroprosthetics interact with natural neuroplasticity over years of use?
• What ethical frameworks govern cognitive enhancement vs. restoration?

Related Concepts

• Neural Signal Decoding — The computational engine powering neuroprosthetic control
• Invasive vs. Non-Invasive BCI — Modality determines which applications are feasible
• BCI Clinical Applications — Broader clinical landscape: epilepsy, Parkinson's, depression, sensory loss
• Neural Decoding — AI/ML approaches for decoding neural signals in rehabilitation contexts

Backlinks

Pages that reference this concept:

• Neuralink
• Synchron
• BCI Clinical Applications

Changelog

• 2026-04-05 — Created from Frontiers neuroprosthetics review and Neuralink PRIME sources
• 2026-04-14 — Updated sources to include ScienceDirect clinical review (Deng et al.) and VIT Chennai AI review; added cross-links to new concept pages